LinkNotes: psychology

Showing posts with label psychology. Show all posts

2010-01-02

The Eye Language of Dilated Pupils

clipped from www.bodylanguageexpert.co.uk

What Do Dilated Pupils Mean?

It is said that the eyes are the windows to the soul, but is it true? Could the eyes really be a portal that reveals true feelings about another? When attracted to another, there are some things that can be controlled, but pupil dilation is not one of them.

clipped from en.wikipedia.org

Psychological effects

The pupil dilates in extreme psychical situations (e.g., fear) or contact of a sensory nerve, such as pain. The Task-evoked pupillary response is the tendency of pupils to dilate slightly in response to loads on working memory, increased attention, sensory discrimination, or other cognitive loads

Facial expressions of sadness with small pupils are judged significantly more intensely sad with decreasing pupil size though people are unaware of pupil size affecting their judgment. A person's own pupil size also mirrors this with them being smaller when viewing sad faces with small pupils. There is no parallel effect when people look at neutral, happy or angry expressions.

clipped from psychcentral.com

Do Your Eyes Give You Away?

clipped from psychcentral.com

Can your eyes give away how much you’re thinking — even when you’re not consciously aware of your effort? According to new research, the answer is yes.

Dutch researcher Erik Bijleveld and colleagues recruited 15 participants to take part in an experiment measuring cognitive effort on a task for various amounts of money. They measured the brain effort required to complete the task through eye pupil dilation. Why would you care about pupil dilation, an automatic nervous system response? Well, it appears that you can tell a lot by the size of your pupils, because it expands with sympathetic activity, making it an unobtrusive measure of how much mental effort you’ve invested in a particular task.
[...]
The researchers summarized their findings succinctly: “More generally, whereas analyses of costs (required effort) and benefits (value of rewards) are usually thought to require consciousness, our findings suggest that such strategic processes can occur outside of awareness — and these processes show in the eyes.”

Reference:

Bijleveld, E., Custers, R. & Aarts, H. (2009). The Unconscious Eye Opener: Pupil Dilation Reveals Strategic Recruitment of Resources Upon Presentation of Subliminal Reward Cues. Psychological Science. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02443.x.

Sources:

Moving pictures are more suitable to interpret facial expressions

clipped from www.sciencedaily.com

A Facial Expression Is Worth a Thousand Words
[...] Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany, found out that we are able to recognize facial expressions in motion -- for example, in a movie -- far better than in a static photograph. The video sequence needs to be at least as long as one tenth of a second to gain this dynamic advantage.

Interpreting this facial expression correctly (as a "baffled" expression) is very difficult based on this photo alone. When showing the corresponding video sequence, however, recognition becomes easy, which underlines the importance of the temporal dimension for effective communication. (Credit: Christian Wallraven / Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics)

clipped from www.alphagalileo.org

clipped from www.kyb.mpg.de

This database ontains videos of facial action units taken from 6 different
camera views from one actor. Facial action units are basic muscle movements that have been proposed to underlie the production of facial expressions.

Face Video Database itself

clipped from vdb.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de

clipped from www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de

Kleiner, M., C. Wallraven and H.H. Bülthoff: The MPI VideoLab - A system for high quality synchronous recording of video and audio from multiple viewpoints. (123) (May 2004)

Sources:

Why extremists tend to dominate debates

clipped from news.yahoo.com

Why Extremist Views Dominate

A new study suggests a possible reason: People with extreme views seem more willing to share their opinions than others, but only if they believe, even falsely, that their views are popular.

clipped from ts-si.org

Extremists Assume Majority Status When Sharing Opinions

Those that take the extreme version of their group’s viewpoint may believe that they actually represent the true views of their group. “When people with extreme views have this false sense that they are in the majority, they are more willing to express themselves,” said Kimberly Rios Morrison, co-author of the study and assistant professor of communication at The Ohio State University (OSU).

clipped from www.sciencedirect.com

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volume 45, Issue 4,
July 2009,
Pages 740-747

clipped from researchnews.osu.edu

EXTREMISTS MORE WILLING TO SHARE THEIR OPINIONS, STUDY FINDS

The key is that the extremists have to believe that more people share their views than actually do, the research found.

Kimberly Rios Morrison

Sources:

The Power of Negative Subliminal Messages

clipped from news.bbc.co.uk

Negative subliminal messages work

People can perceive subliminal messages, particularly if the message is negative, according to a UK study.

In three experiments at University College London, participants were briefly shown masked words and asked to classify them as emotional or neutral.

clipped from www.independent.co.uk

Power of the hidden message revealed

Volunteers were shown a series of positive, negative and neutral words, such as "cheerful", "despair" or "box", for as little as 17 milliseconds – far too quick for the mind to perceive conventionally – and asked to decide whether or not each word had an emotional value.

Where the volunteers correctly identified a word as emotional – for example "flower", "peace", "agony" or "murder" – they were more efficient at picking out those with a negative meaning. In one test, where participants were shown each word for just 33 milliseconds, negative words were correctly spotted 77 per cent of the time, as opposed to 59 per cent for positive terms.

clipped from www.independent.co.uk

Coca Cola

In the 1950s, market researcher James Vicary claimed he could get more cinemagoers to drink Coca-Cola by flashing messages on the screen for a fraction of a second. He claimed sales of the soft drink jumped 58 per cent, but later admitted that the stunt was a fabrication.

clipped from www.independent.co.uk

Macdonald's

In 2007, the appearance of a McDonald's logo in one frame of the Iron Chef America TV series led to accusations of subliminal advertising. The Food Network said it was an accidental glitch.

clipped from en.wikipedia.org

Subliminal message

A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another medium, designed to pass below the normal limits of the human mind's perception. These messages are unrecognizable by the conscious mind, but in certain situations can affect the subconscious mind and can negatively or positively influence subsequent later thoughts, behaviors, actions, attitudes, belief systems and value systems.

clipped from www.youtube.com

A collection of subliminal messages in advertising...

Sources:

LinkNotes

Pages

2010-01-02

The Eye Language of Dilated Pupils

What Do Dilated Pupils Mean?

Do Your Eyes Give You Away?

2010-01-01

Moving pictures are more suitable to interpret facial expressions

A Facial Expression Is Worth a Thousand Words

2009-10-25

Why extremists tend to dominate debates

Why Extremist Views Dominate

EXTREMISTS MORE WILLING TO SHARE THEIR OPINIONS, STUDY FINDS

2009-09-30

The Power of Negative Subliminal Messages

Negative subliminal messages work

Power of the hidden message revealed