Our Universe Within a Larger Universe

Clipped from: YouTube - Black Holes and Worm Holes

Black Holes and Worm Holes

Clipped from: wormhole

wormhole

A hypothetical "tunnel" connecting two different points in spacetime in such a way that a trip through the wormhole could take much less time than a journey between the same starting and ending points in normal space. The ends of a wormhole could, in theory, be intra-universe (i.e. both exist in the same universe) or inter-universe (exist in different universes, and thus serve as a connecting passage between the two). 

[...]

The theory of wormholes goes back to 1916, shortly after Einstein published his general theory, when Ludwig Flamm, an obscure Austrian physicist, looked at the simplest possible solution of Einstein's field equations, known as the Schwarzschild solution (or Schwarzschild metric). This describes the gravitational field around a spherically-symmetric non-rotating mass. If the mass is sufficiently compact, the solution describes a particular form of the phenomenon now called a black hole – the Schwarzschild black hole. Flamm realized that Einstein's equations allowed a second solution, now known as a white hole, and that the two solutions, describing two different regions of (flat) spacetime were connected (mathematically) by a spacetime conduit.¹ Because the theory has nothing to say about where these regions of spacetime might be in the real world, the black hole "entrance" and white hole "exit" could be in different parts of the same universe or in different universes.

Clipped from: Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests wormhole research

Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests wormhole research

(PhysOrg.com) -- Could our universe be located within the interior of a wormhole which itself is part of a black hole that lies within a much larger universe?

Such a scenario in which the universe is born from inside a wormhole (also called an Einstein-Rosen Bridge) is suggested in a paper from Indiana University theoretical physicist Nikodem Poplawski in Physics Letters B. The final version of the paper was available online March 29 and will be published in the print edition April 12.

Poplawski takes advantage of the Euclidean-based coordinate system called isotropic coordinates to describe the gravitational field of a black hole and to model the radial geodesic motion of a massive particle into a black hole.

Einstein-Rosen bridges like the one visualized above have never been observed in nature, but they provide theoretical physicists and cosmologists with solutions in general relativity by combining models of black holes and white holes.

Clipped from: Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests IU theoretical physicist's wormhole research: IU News Room: Indiana University

Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests IU theoretical physicist's wormhole research

IU theoretical physicist Nikodem Poplawski in research published in "Physics Letters B" uses Euclidean-based mathematical modeling to suggest that all black holes may have wormholes inside which exist universes created at the same time as the black holes.

In studying the radial motion through the event horizon (a black hole's boundary) of two different types of black holes -- Schwarzschild and Einstein-Rosen, both of which are mathematically legitimate solutions of general relativity -- Poplawski admits that only experiment or observation can reveal the motion of a particle falling into an actual black hole. But he also notes that since observers can only see the outside of the black hole, the interior cannot be observed unless an observer enters or resides within.

"This condition would be satisfied if our universe were the interior of a black hole existing in a bigger universe," he said. "Because Einstein's general theory of relativity does not choose a time orientation, if a black hole can form from the gravitational collapse of matter through an event horizon in the future then the reverse process is also possible. Such a process would describe an exploding white hole: matter emerging from an event horizon in the past, like the expanding universe."

A white hole is connected to a black hole by an Einstein-Rosen bridge (wormhole) and is hypothetically the time reversal of a black hole. Poplawski's paper suggests that all astrophysical black holes, not just Schwarzschild and Einstein-Rosen black holes, may have Einstein-Rosen bridges, each with a new universe inside that formed simultaneously with the black hole.

Sources:

1. YouTube - Black Holes and Worm Holes
2. wormhole
3. Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests wormhole research
4. Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests IU theoretical physicist's wormhole research: IU News Room: Indiana University

Related:

1. Is Our Universe Inside Another Larger Universe? | Universe Today
2. Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests physicist's wormhole research
3. Our universe at home within a larger universe? So suggests physicist's wormhole research
4. Did a Theoretical Physicist Already Predict the End of Lost? | Popular Science
5. Wormhole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
6. Department of Physics, Indiana University: Nikodem Poplawski
7. [0902.1994] Radial motion into the Einstein-Rosen bridge
8. 0902.1994v2.pdf - Powered by Google Docs

The Number of Universes in the Multiverse

Clipped from: If We Live in a Multiverse, How Many Are There? | Universe Today

If We Live in a Multiverse, How Many Are There?

Theoretical physics has brought us the notion that our single universe is not necessarily the only game in town. Satellite data from WMAP, along with string theory and its 11- dimensional hyperspace idea has produced the concept of the multiverse, where the Big Bang could have produced many different universes instead of a single uniform universe. The idea has gained popularity recently, so it was only a matter of time until someone asked the question of how many multiverses could possibly exist. The number, according to two physicists, could be "humongous."

Clipped from: Multiverse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Multiverse

The multiverse (or meta-universe [metaverse]) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including our universe) that together comprise everything that physically exists: the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum, and the physical laws and constants that govern them. The different universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered.

Clipped from: YouTube - From Universe to Multiverse. Are You Ready? (Dr. Michio Kaku)

From Universe to Multiverse. Are You Ready? (Dr. Michio Kaku)

Clipped from: Technology Review: Blogs: arXiv blog: Physicists Calculate Number of Universes in the Multiverse

Physicists Calculate Number of Universes in the Multiverse

The Big Bang was essentially a quantum process which generated quantum fluctuations in the state of the early universe. The universe then underwent a period of rapid growth called inflation during which these perturbations were "frozen", creating different initial classical conditions in different parts of the cosmos. Since each of these regions would have a different set of laws of low energy physics, they can be thought of as different universes.

[ ...]

Of course, the actual number depends critically on how you define the difference between universes.

Linde and Vanchurin have applied some reasonable rules to calculate that the number of universes in the multiverse and have totted it up to at least 10^10^10^7. A "humungous" number is how they describe it, with no little understatement.

Sources:

1. If We Live in a Multiverse, How Many Are There? | Universe Today
2. Multiverse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
3. YouTube - From Universe to Multiverse. Are You Ready? (Dr. Michio Kaku)
4. Technology Review: Blogs: arXiv blog: Physicists Calculate Number of Universes in the Multiverse

Related:

1. [0910.1589] How many universes are in the multiverse?
2. BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - Parallel Universes - Transcript
3. http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/multiverse.html

NASA’s WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)

New results, just released from NASA's WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe), detecting microwaves coming from the cooling fireball of the Big Bang.

clipped from wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov WMAP Highlights Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA Explorer mission. It has produced a wealth of precise and accurate cosmological information. WMAP produced the first full-sky map of the microwave sky with a resolution of under a degree, about the angular size of the moon. clipped from wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov WMAP mission was proposed to NASA in 1995, launced in 2001, and is still collecting data. clipped from wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov clipped from wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov Concept Animation; Wavelengths from the Sky Starting with an overview of the Milky Way, We move down to see the view from our location. From the Earth, we can view the sky and unwrap it into an oval for easy viewing. Finally we can view the light at different wavelenghts from the visible down to the microwave. clipped from wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov Concept Animations Universe Evolution Evolving the Universe, from the Cosmic Microwave Background to now. + See More Journey to the Big Bang Take a journey from the tiny WMAP spacecraft back to the beginnings of the universe. + See More

via: Bad Astronomy Blog » The Universe is 13.73 +/- .12 billion years old!
related:
Wilkinson Microwave Microwave Anisotropy Probe
WMAP Observatory: Mission Overview
COBE Satellite
Microwave Sky Wavelengths
WMAP Concept Animations

Testing a "Theory of Everything"

clipped from www.dailygalaxy.com The Cosmos in a Test Tube A "universe in a test tube" that could be used to prove theories of everything has been created by physicists using liquid helium and a magnetic field to build a finger-sized representation of the early cosmos. The equations used to describe this superfluid turn up in many other branches of physics. "For instance, the internal structure of the superfluid mirrors very closely the structure of space-time itself, the 'background' of the universe in which we live," says Haley. "Consequently the superfluid can be used to simulate particle and cosmic phenomena; black holes, cosmic strings and the Big Bang for instance. "This is great for testing theories, since the equations describing helium-3 are well-established enough to say that it is the most complex system for which we already have string theory -the 'Theory of Everything'," Haley said.

Related:
The Cosmos in a Test Tube | The Daily Galaxy: News from Planet Earth & Beyond
Lancaster Ultra Low Temperature Physics
A lab model of the early Universe : Nature News
'Test tube universe' hints at unifying theory - Telegraph
ClipsToNote: Testing a "theory of everything"
LinkNotes: More about the New 'Theory of Everything'
LinkNotes: A New 'Theory of Everything'

The Earth in its Cosmic Context - Two Fascinating Talks (video)

Martin Rees: Earth in its final century?

David Deutsch: What is our place in the cosmos?

via: SINGULARITY & THE PRICE OF RICE - Singularity in Bite-Sized Bits: Our Final Century?
related:
TEDTalks website
The Fabric of Reality
David Deutsch - Home
Martin Rees
LinkNotes: Smarter-Than-Human Intelligence - The Singularity

More about the New 'Theory of Everything'

A computer-generated illustration is of the E8 root system, an arrangement of 240 vectors in an eight-dimensional space. The image is a two-dimensional projection of that eight-dimensional arrangement. [Technology Review: Simplified Complexity]

A few more interesting facts about the New 'Theory of Everything', as discussed in

Breakthrough on the theory of everything, is Garrett Lisi another Einstein?

The model based on the E8 Lie Group seems to extend the standard model of nuclear physics to include gravity.

Lie groups are continuous groups such as the group of rotations of a sphere or a torus.

E8 is known as the exceptional simple Lie group and is the largest of this category possible. Anything larger has infinite dimensions.

The full structure of E8 was only revealed in March 2007 after hours of computation on a Super Computer.

The new theory could be complementary to String Theory because string theorists were already looking at E8

At first glance this model might appear to be similar to String Theory because it involves an eight dimensional manifold, but a deeper analysis reveals that it will lead to physics quite unlike String Theory.

Extending Quantum Field theory into the E8 structure envisaged by Lisi would lead to a new physics very different to string theory.

related: Lie group - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
LinkNotes: A New 'Theory of Everything'

A New 'Theory of Everything'

A new unified theory all particles and forces of the cosmos

clipped from www.newscientist.com

Is mathematical pattern the theory of everything?

GARRETT LISI is an unlikely individual to be staking a claim for a theory of everything. He has no university affiliation and spends most of the year surfing in Hawaii. In winter, he heads to the mountains near Lake Tahoe, California, to teach snowboarding. Until recently, physics was not much more than a hobby.

That hasn't stopped some leading physicists sitting up and taking notice after Lisi made his theory public on the physics pre-print archive this week (www.arxiv.org/abs/0711.0770). By analysing the most elegant and intricate pattern known to mathematics, Lisi has uncovered a relationship underlying all the universe's particles and forces, including gravity - or so he hopes. Lee Smolin at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (PI) in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, describes Lisi's work as "fabulous". "It is one of the most compelling unification models I've seen in many, many years," he says.

[...] Despite this unusual career path, his proposal is remarkable because, by the arcane standards of particle physics, it does not require highly complex mathematics.

Even better, it does not require more than one dimension of time and three of space, when some rival theories need ten or even more spatial dimensions and other bizarre concepts. And it may even be possible to test his theory, which predicts a host of new particles, perhaps even using the new Large Hadron Collider atom smasher that will go into action near Geneva next year.

[...]

The reason for the excitement is that Lisi's model also takes account of gravity, a force that has only successfully been included by a rival and highly fashionable idea called string theory, one that proposes particles are made up of minute strings, which is highly complex and elegant but has lacked predictions by which to do experiments to see if it works.

[...]

Lisi's inspiration lies in the most elegant and intricate shape known to mathematics, called E8 - a complex, eight-dimensional mathematical pattern with 248 points first found in 1887, but only fully understood by mathematicians this year after workings, that, if written out in tiny print, would cover an area the size of Manhattan.

E8 encapsulates the symmetries of a geometric object that is 57-dimensional and is itself is 248-dimensional. Lisi says "I think our universe is this beautiful shape."

Surfer dude stuns physicists with theory of everything - Telegraph

via: How a Surfer Dude Stunned the World of Science With the 'Theory of Everything' | The Daily Galaxy: News from Planet Earth & Beyond
related:
[0711.0770] An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything
Is mathematical pattern the theory of everything? - fundamentals - 17 November 2007 - New Scientist